What is CML method?

What is CML method?

CML is a procedure used to estimate the measure of environmental impact that is caused by the product. This method uses various impact categories such as eutrophication, ionization radiation, aquatic ecotoxicity, land use, and human toxicity [58].

What are characterization factors?

The characterization factor is a measure of the aromaticity/paraffinicity of a crude oil or of a crude oil fraction. The Watson K factor will range from less than 10 for highly aromatic hydrocarbons and almost 15 for highly paraffinic hydrocarbons. The range for whole crudes is 10.5 to 12.9.

What is life cycle impact assessment?

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is the phase of an LCA where the evaluation takes place of the potential environmental impacts stemming from the elementary flows (environmental resources and releases) obtained in the LCI.

What is the major check suggested by ISO 14044 2006 during the evaluation step of interpretation procedure?

To conduct the interpretation phase, ISO 14044:2006 recommends, first, the identification of significant issues, that is, implications of the methods used and assumptions made on the results (e.g., allocation rules, system boundaries, and impact categories, models, and indicators used, value choices), significant …

What is CML and Traci?

CML is the assessment methodology for models save in versions of SOLIDWORKS prior to SOLIDWORKS 2013. TRACI. This methodology was developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. TRACI is based on regional conditions of the United States and can be used to accurately model North American LCA studies.

How do you calculate characterization factor?

To calculate KUOP or KW,volume average boiling point (VABP) or mean average boiling point is used, respectively. Depending on the value of the Watson characterization factor, crude oils are classified as paraffinic (Kw = 11-12.9), naphthenic (Kw =10-11), or aromatic (Kw <10).

What is the purpose of Watson characterization factor?

Highly aromatic hydrocarbons exhibit values of 10.0 or less; therefore, the Watson characterization factor provides a means of determining the paraffinicity of a crude oil.

What are the 5 stages of a life cycle analysis?

There are 5 Main Life Cycle Stages. Everything that is produced goes through these five main life cycle stages: materiel extraction, manufacturing. packaging and transportation, use and end of life. At each of these stages, there are inputs and outputs, flow-throughs, value losses, and potential gains.

What is the difference between ISO 14040 and 14044?

ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 on life cycle assessment They focus mainly on the process of performing LCA, following a product’s impact from cradle to grave. ISO 14040 describes the ”principles and framework for LCA”, while the ISO 14044 “specifies requirements and provides guidelines” for LCA.

What are the four steps involved in conducting a life cycle assessment based on ISO standards?

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a framework for assessing the environmental impacts of product systems and decisions. The steps in LCA are (1) goal and scope definition, (2) life cycle inventory analysis (LCI), (3) life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and (4) interpretation of the results.

What is Traci method?

TRACI is an environmental impact assessment tool. It provides characterization factors for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA), industrial ecology, and sustainability metrics. Characterization factors quantify the potential impacts that inputs and releases have on specific impact categories in common equivalence units.

What is LCI and LCIA and its significance?

Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) is among the last steps of LCA. The purpose of a LCIA “is to provide additional information to assess life cycle inventory (LCI) results and help users better understand the environmental significance of natural resource use and environmental releases”.

What are paraffins naphthenes and aromatics?

Paraffins – straight chain of saturated hydrocarbons. Isoparaffins – branched chain of saturated hydrocarbons. Aromatics – unsaturated hydrocarbons containing one or more benzene rings. Naphthenes – cyclic chain of saturated hydrocarbons. Olefin – unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one double bond.

How is Watson characterization factor calculated?

Depending on the value of the Watson characterization factor, crude oils are classified as paraffinic (Kw = 11-12.9), naphthenic (Kw =10-11), or aromatic (Kw <10). where V(100°F) is the viscosity in SUS and SG is the specific gravity at 15.6°C (60°F)….Characterization Factors.

What are the 4 stages of a life cycle assessment?

What is the ISO 14040?

The ISO 14040 series is a set of standards that stipulate how to implement the LCA of a product. In these standards, LCA is defined as an “environmental assessment tool of a product” and consists of four separate phases as shown in Figure 1.1.

What are the 5 stages of a life-cycle assessment?

5 Steps of a product lifecycle: From Cradle To Grave

• Raw Material Extraction.
• Manufacturing & Processing.
• Transportation.
• Usage & Retail.
• Waste Disposal.