What does the elevated plus maze test?
The Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test is used to assess anxiety-related behavior in rodent models of CNS disorders. The EPM apparatus consists of a “+”-shaped maze elevated above the floor with two oppositely positioned closed arms, two oppositely positioned open arms, and a center area.
What does the T maze test?
T Maze Spontaneous Alternation is a behavioral test for measuring exploratory behavior in animals, especially rodent models for CNS disorders. This test is based on the willingness of rodents to explore a new environment, i.e. they prefer to visit a new arm of the maze rather than a familiar arm.
What are T maze used for?
T-mazes are used to study how the rodents function with memory and spatial learning through applying various stimuli. Starting in the early 20th century, rodents were used in experiments such as the T-maze. These concepts of T-mazes are used to assess rodent behavior.
What parameters did evaluated by using elevated plus maze?
The elevated plus maze test is one of the most widely used tests for measuring anxiety-like behavior. The test is based on the natural aversion of mice for open and elevated areas, as well as on their natural spontaneous exploratory behavior in novel environments.
How do you use an elevated plus maze?
The rat elevated plus maze is placed close to the center of the room, and has similar levels of illumination on both open and closed arms. The mouse elevated plus maze is placed on a table (but could also be placed on the floor) such that there are similar levels of illumination on both open and closed arms.
What do you mean by maze?
Definition of maze (Entry 2 of 2) 1a : a confusing intricate network of passages. b : something confusingly elaborate or complicated a maze of regulations. 2 chiefly dialectal : a state of bewilderment.
What is novel object recognition test?
The Novel Object Recognition (NOR) task is used to evaluate cognition, particularly recognition memory, in rodent models of CNS disorders. This test is based on the spontaneous tendency of rodents to spend more time exploring a novel object than a familiar one.
Who invented the T-maze?
Robert Yerkes
The T-maze is a T-shaped apparatus allowing a choice between two opposite arms. A first T-maze apparatus was designed at the beginning of the 1910s by Robert Yerkes (1876–1956) at Harvard University for the study of invertebrate cognition, in particular learning processes in the earthworm5.
Is elevated plus maze model reliable for Nootropic activity?
Modern studies on numerous nootropics and amnesic agents on elevated plus maze have proven this model as an extensively accepted paradigm for training, learning, and memory process in rodents.
What is the height of elevated plus maze apparatus platform that is used for mice?
Mouse elevated plus maze Our maze is made of stainless steel, which is painted matte black, and consists of four arms (two open without walls and two enclosed by 15.25 cm high walls) 30 cm long and 5 cm wide. Each arm of the maze is attached to sturdy metal legs such that it is elevated 40 cm off of the table it is on.
What is the distinct difference between elevated plus maze and elevated zero maze?
The main difference in the Zero is that it removes the center region found in the Plus. Depending on treatment, animals tested here in the Plus spent 13% to 30% of their test time in the center, thereby decreasing the time spent in open or closed areas by 39–90 s of the total 300 s test session.
What does the forced swim test measure?
The forced swim test is a rodent behavioral test used for evaluation of antidepressant drugs, antidepressant efficacy of new compounds, and experimental manipulations that are aimed at rendering or preventing depressive-like states.
How many types of mazes are there?
We distinguish between two types of mazes: Labyrinths are unicursal (one path) and mazes are multicursal (many paths). Labyrinths (unicursal = one path): The earliest types of labyrinths.
Why is it called maze?
DID YOU KNOW? The word “maze” dates from the 13th century and comes from the Middle English word mæs, denoting delirium or delusion. The word “labyrinth” may date as far back as the 14th century, and derives from the Latin labyrinthus and the Greek labýrinthos, or, a building with intricate passages.
What is a novel test?
Novel object recognition test. Novel object recognition (NOR) is a highly validated test for recognition memory. It is mostly used to test the efficacy of memory enhancing compounds, the (negative) effects of certain other compounds on memory, or the influence of genetics or age on memory.
How do you test object recognition?
The test relies on as few as three sessions: one habituation session, one training session, and one test session. Training simply involves visual exploration of two identical objects, while the test session involves replacing one of the previously explored objects with a novel object.
Who developed maze learning experiment?
What are the origins of this iconic apparatus, and how did the maze come to be held in such esteem? Most historians agree that the animal maze was first developed at Clark University in the late 1890s, in the laboratory of Edmund Sanford, PhD, in a study by his graduate student, Willard Small.
What is Nootropic effect?
Nootropics, or “smart drugs,” are a class of substances that can boost brain performance. They are sometimes called cognition enhancers or memory enhancing substances. Prescription nootropics are medications that have stimulant effects.
What is the elevated plus maze test?
The Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test is used to assess anxiety-related behavior in rodent models of CNS disorders. The EPM apparatus consists of a “+”-shaped maze elevated above the floor with two oppositely positioned closed arms, two oppositely positioned open arms, and a center area.
What is the elevated T maze (ETM)?
The elevated T maze (ETM) has three arms in the shape of the letter “T”. One arm is closed and perpendicular to the other two arms which are open. This test is designed to observe anxiety effects and how it affects learning.
How do you use the T maze?
Subjects are first placed in the start arm of the T Maze. Upon leaving the start arm, subjects choose between entering either the left or the right goal arm. With repeated trials, the animals should show less of a tendency to enter a previously visited arm.
What is the elevated T-maze for anxiety?
Anxiety disorders are heterogeneous and existing animal models do not discriminate specific types of anxiety. The elevated T-maze is being developed to fulfill this purpose. The apparatus consists of three elevated arms, one enclosed and two open.